electric shock

Leakage or touch current tests for electrical shock protection is mandated by safety standards in the process of issuing a safety certification for various electrical products. In this article, electrical shock sensation experiments were conducted for a complex waveform composed of a combination of 60 Hz and a higher frequency sinusoidal signal.

The ubiquitous increase in the use of mains power switching devices has been paralleled by the increase in nuisance tripping of GFCIs and other protection devices. Nuisance tripping can be identified to contain such high frequency signals and these must be properly taken into account when designing proper GFCI operation in this environment.

Direct Current (DC) applications have become more prevalent in recent years, primarily due to the increased usage of renewable energy and energy storage systems. A review of the existing safety standards and other literature shows that there is limited experimental data on DC human body resistance. In particular, no information was found by the authors describing the repeatability of DC body impedance and the effect of contact material and other variables.

Ketra Inc., has issued a recall as of June 12, 2018, for D3 recessed downlights because the power supply connectors can have incorrect wiring, posing an electric shock hazard to the user. 

What is a “level of protection”? What are “measures of safety”? Why do they apply only to electric shock and not to other injuries?

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During the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, Underwriters Laboratories did basic research in the field...