Transformer

This article focuses on PCB layout considerations and the design of the reference return paths for the one- and two-layer boards.

The formation of branching patterns is commonly associated with electrical discharges. Lightning and electrostatic discharges from a Van de Graaff generator are transient luminous branching patterns, and sometimes the passing of an electrical current leaves residual physical patterns. Examples of how such patterns are formed are presented.

Grounding is often viewed from separate points of view - safety, ESD, or EMI.  This article combines all these aspects together so that practitioners can address grounding at the factories and in the laboratories in a comprehensive way.

Major news outlets in the Philadelphia metropolitan area report that the head of the city’s Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) has called on city officials to replace the two-and-a-half year old Motorola police radio system because of repeated communications failures.

In the kitchen we have a radio/tape/cd and recently the tapes have been playing with very poor sound quality.