Modulation

If you’re performing commercial conducted radiated immunity tests strictly by the book, you will want to utilize a radio-frequency (RF) signal generator and power amplifier combination that fully complies with IEC 61000-4-6.

Grounding is often viewed from separate points of view - safety, ESD, or EMI.  This article combines all these aspects together so that practitioners can address grounding at the factories and in the laboratories in a comprehensive way.

CISPR Publications 24 and 35 allow radiated and conducted immunity tests to be performed using I% or 4% steps. This article looks at measured radiated immunity test data to determine the typical shapes of radiated susceptibilities for multimedia equipment. The authors consider what those shapes tell us about the validity of the 4% step method.

In this article, we establish design guidelines of a spread spectrum modulation circuit as it relates to CISPR 25.

In this second part of a two-part article, we’ll discuss the use of radio modules to enable wireless connectivity of electronic and consumer products, and how to approach radio, EMC and safety regulatory approvals in the European Union for radio modules and equipment which contain radio modules.