Transmission Line Reflections at a Reactive Load

This article discusses the reflections on a transmission line at the capacitive and inductive loads. This completes the series of articles devoted to the topic of reflections on transmission lines, i.e., transient analysis of transmission lines (see: [1] for reflections at a resistive load, [2] for reflections at a discontinuity, [3] for a bounce diagram, [4] for ringing on transmission lines).

Part 1 – Reflections at the Inductive Load

1.1  Fundamental Background

Consider the circuit shown in Figure 1 where the transmission line of length d is terminated by an inductor L.

Figure 1: Inductive termination of a transmission line

The source resistance is matched to the characteristic impedance of the line; it is also assumed that the initial current in the inductor is zero

  (1)

When the switch closes at t = 0, a wave originates at z = 0, with

  (2a)

  (2b)

and travels towards the load. When this wave arrives at the load (after the time T; about 18 ns for a 12 ft RG58 cable), the inductor current cannot change instantaneously from zero to the value in Eq. (2b), Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) is violated at z = d and thus the reflected wave, v_r and i_r is created [5]. This is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Creation of a reflected wave at the inductive load

The reflected current wave is related to the reflected voltage wave by

  (3)

The voltage-current relationship for an inductor produces

  (4)

or, using Eqs. (2) and (3)

  (5)

Since V_S and Z_C are constant Eq. (5) reduces to

  (6)

or

  (7)

This differential equation in v_r was solved in [5] with the result:

  (8)

This reflected voltage wave and reflected current wave travel back to the source; since the source is matched to the line, there is no reflection at the source. The total voltage across the inductor is

  (9)

Figure 3 shows the shows a circuit schematic of a transmission line driven by a 5V CMOS and terminated in an inductive load.

Figure 3: HyperLynx circuit model of a transmission line terminated by an inductive load

The driver voltage and the voltage across the inductor are displayed in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Driver voltage and the voltage across the inductor

1.2  Verification

Figure 5 shows the experimental setup for laboratory verification using a 12 ft RG58 (Z_C = 50 Ω) coaxial cable terminated by a 2.2 µH inductor.

Figure 5: Experimental measurement setup for the inductive termination

The source signal is a 0 – 10 V square wave with 5 ns rise and fall times and frequency of 100 kHz. Figure 6 shows the resulting voltage waveforms at the source (z = 0) and at the load (z = d = 12 ft).

Figure 6: Voltage at the source (z = 0) and at the load (z = d = 12 ft)

Note that the voltage V at z = 0 location rises to its initial value V_S/2  as predicted by Eq. (2a). After the time T =18 ns this voltage wave arrives at the inductor and its voltage jumps to V_S, as predicted by Eq. (9). Subsequently, this voltage decays to zero. Also note that the measured time constant of the inductor voltage is 41.2 ns, which closely matches the time constant in Eq. (9), i.e.,

  (10)

Part 2 – Reflections at the Capacitive Load

2.1  Fundamental Background

Consider the circuit shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Transmission line terminated by a capacitive load

A line of length d is terminated by a capacitor C with zero initial voltage.

  (11)

A constant voltage source with internal resistance equal to the characteristic impedance Z_C of the line is connected to the line at . When the switch closes at t = 0, a wave originates at z = 0, with

  (12a)

  (12b)

This wave travels down the line to reach the load end at time T. Upon arriving at the load the reflected voltage and current waves (v_r and i_r) are created. The reflected current wave is related to the reflected voltage wave by

  (13)

The voltage-current relationship for a capacitor produces

  (14)

Or, using Eqs. (12) and (13)

  (15)

Since V_S is constant Eq. (15) reduces to

  (16)

or

  (17)

Rearranging Eq. (17) results in

  (18)

or

  (19)

where

  (20a)

  (20b)

The solution of this equation was derived in [5] and was shown to be

  (21)

Utilizing Eq. (20) in Eq. (21) we obtain

  (22)

and finally

  (23)

This reflected voltage wave and reflected current wave travel back to the source; since the source is matched to the line, there is no reflection at the source. The total voltage across the capacitor is

  (24)

Figure 8 shows the shows a circuit schematic of a transmission line driven by a 5V CMOS and terminated in a capacitive load.

Figure 8: HyperLynx circuit model of a transmission line terminated by a capacitive load

The driver voltage and the voltage across the capacitor are displayed in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Driver voltage and the voltage across the capacitor

2.2  Verification

Figure 10 shows the experimental setup for laboratory verification using a 12 ft RG58 (Z_C = 50 Ω) coaxial cable terminated by a 220 pF capacitor.

Figure 10: Experimental measurement setup for the capacitive termination

The source signal is a 0 – 10 V square wave with 5 ns rise and fall times and frequency of 1 MHz. Figure 11 shows the resulting voltage waveforms at the source (z = 0) and at the load (z = d = 12 ft).

Figure 11: Voltage at the source (z = 0) and at the load (z = d = 12 ft) – capacitive termination

Note that the voltage at the location V(z = 0) rises to its initial value V_S/2  as predicted by Eq. (12a). After the time T = 18 ns this voltage wave arrives at the capacitor and rises exponentially to its final value of V_S, as predicted by Eq. (24). Also note that the measured time constant of the inductor voltage is 11.2 ns, which closely matches the time constant in Eq. (24), i.e.,

  (25) 

References

1. Adamczyk, B., “Transmission Line Reflections at a Resistive Load,” In Compliance Magazine, January 2017.
2. Adamczyk, B., “Transmission Line Reflections at a Discontinuity,” In Compliance Magazine, February 2017.
3. Adamczyk, B., “Transmission Line Reflections – Bounce Diagram,” In Compliance Magazine, October 2018.
4. Adamczyk, B., “Circuit Theory Model of Ringing on a Transmission Line,” In Compliance Magazine, November 2018.
5. Adamczyk, B. Foundations of Electromagnetic Compatibility with Practical Applications, Wiley, 2017.

Dr. Bogdan Adamczyk is a professor and the director of the EMC Center at Grand Valley State University (http://www.gvsu.edu/emccenter/) where he performs research and develops EMC educational material. He is an iNARTE certified EMC Master Design Engineer, a founding member and the chair of the IEEE EMC West Michigan Chapter. Prof. Adamczyk is the author of the textbook “Foundations of Electromagnetic Compatibility with Practical Applications” (Wiley, 2017). He can be reached at adamczyb@gvsu.edu.